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The Ocean As Habitat - An Introduction
The various divisions of the ocean.
There are two main divisions of the ocean - the Pelagic Zone and the Benthic Zone. Let us take each in turn. The pelagic zone is divided horizontally into two provinces. The Neritic Province ( water over continental shelves) and the Oceanic Province ( water over the deep ocean floor). The pelagic zone is also divided vertically into the photic zone where sunlight penetrates the water and allows photosynthesis and the aphotic zone where there is not enough light for photosynthesis.The Benthic Zone is the name given to the sea floor. Beyond the shelf break of the continental shelf the slope descends to the depth of 3-4km where the ocean floor begins. Beyond this is the Abyssal Zone (3-6kms deep) and finally the Hadal Zone composed of trenches more than 6km deep e.g. Mariana Trench.
In addition one could say that in a different sense the divisions of the oceans relates to the rough division of the ocean into the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian and Southern Oceans and Arctic Ocean.
How are both waves and tides generated ?
Waves are generated principally by the heat gradient caused by the curvature of the Earth's surface and the position of the Earth relative to the sun. The heat gradient from the tropics to the arctic drives atmospheric and ocean circulation by the creation of winds which create waves.Waves are created by the wind and size varies according to velocity, direction, duration of the wind and fetch (distance winds blows continuously over the sea). Capillary waves (less than 1.74cm) are created by gentle winds blowing over the surface of the sea. As wavelength increases gravity takes over from surface tension as the dominant factor in wave shape. There are also storm waves which in exceptional circumstances can reach 35 meters in height.
Finally in addition tsunami waves can be caused by earthquake action.
Tides are generated by the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Earth as they rotate about their common centre of gravity. This process is further complicated by three main factors:
a) The gravitational force of the sun (causing Spring and Neap tides).b) The rotation of the Earth about its axis creating the Coriolis force which deflects water to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere.c) Topographical features of the surface of the Earth. The shape of the continents for example causes different tidal patterns ( semidiurnal, diurnal and mixed semidiurnal ).
The chemical and physical characteristics of seawater.
Seawater is approximately 96.5% pure water. The remaining 0.5% is composed of various dissolved substances such as sodium, chloride, sulphate, magnesium, calcium, potassium , bicarbonate, bromide, borate,strontium, fluoride and silica, nitrates, phosphates and organic substances.Pure water has a simple structure of one atom of oxygen to two atoms of hydrogen to form one molecule of water. The relatively weak H bonding of water is also important when we discuss the physical properties of water such as its relatively high freezing point, high boiling point, high heat capacity, relative high latent heat of evaporation and freezing and the fact that water keeps a high variety of substances in solution needed for chemical reactions. These properties of water obviously effect the characteristics of seawater. In addition the viscosity, temperature, pressure and salinity of seawater is important for marine life. Sea water salinity can vary depending on evaporation, precipitation, river run-off, and the freezing and thawing of sea ice. In turn the density of seawater depends on the temperature and salinity factors. In addition the dissolved gases in seawater such as oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide are important in the buffering action of seawater (against the effects of global warming).
Light and sound in the ocean
Light.
As light hits the sea surface up to 50% may be reflected away. Seawater absorbs the red-orange and violet ends of the visible spectrum first and the blue-green at greater depth. In tropical waters 10% of blue light may reach a 100m in depth. Nearer to shores because of turbidity and increase in particulate matter this balance changes giving the distinctive green colour to these areas. The incidence of light in the sea is essential to the distribution of certain types of marine life. The light is used for photosynthesis in the photic zone to approximately 100m deep. At about a 1000m there is very little penetration of light at all. In fact the only light is now bioluminescence of the marine animals themselves.
Sound
The sea is known as an acoustically dominated environment in that sound travels more slowly but very much further than light through water. Sound vibrates the material it moves through so propagates well through seawater. Sound intensity in the ocean decreases as it moves away from the source in three main ways:
a) Spreading. Here sound is moving out in all directions losing intensity as it does so.b) Absorption. Here sound is absorbed by the water and dissolved constituents.c) Scattering. Here sound is deflected by particles suspended in water.
The speed of sound in water increases in warmer, more saline and higher water pressures. Speed is slowest on the surface. Because of these differences a sound channel develops at approximately 0.5km to 1.5km in depth between latitudes 60 degrees North and 60 degrees South. This is vital for whale communication for example.
Dr Simon Harding
www.coberongreen.com
www.chronosconsulting.com
About the Author