Privacy Passage
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 Door Lever Stainless Steel Dummy Privacy Passage Universal Door Handle Modernus $39.99 Time Remaining: 24d 2h 55m Buy It Now for only: $39.99 |
 STAINLESS STEEL DOOR CHROME LOCK KNOB SET PRIVACY PASSAGE BATHROOM BEDROOM $4.67 Time Remaining: 22h 9m |
 Satin Nickel Door Lever Handle Privacy Entry Passage and Deadbolt REGAL $9.99 Time Remaining: 19d 9h 11m Buy It Now for only: $9.99 |
 Weiser VALENCIA Privacy Passage Keyed Entry Lock Door Knob Levers SATIN NICKEL $17.99 Time Remaining: 22d 14h 50m Buy It Now for only: $17.99 |
 Door Lever Stainless Steel Privacy Passage Universal Modern Door Handle Granata $31.99 Time Remaining: 18d 5h 49m Buy It Now for only: $31.99 |
 DARK Oil Rubbed Bronze Round Door Lock 6093 lockset knob deadbolt keyed privacy $9.99 Time Remaining: 18d 5h 10m Buy It Now for only: $9.99 |
 Door Lever Simplicity Privacy Passage with Privacy Option Stainless Steel $39.99 Time Remaining: 19d 6h 26m Buy It Now for only: $39.99 |
 DARK Oil Rubbed Bronze Round Door Lock 5765 lockset knob deadbolt keyed privacy $9.99 Time Remaining: 18d 4h 54m Buy It Now for only: $9.99 |
 Door Lever Solid Stainless Steel Universal Privacy Passage Modern Handle Senti $44.99 Time Remaining: 19d 5h 38m Buy It Now for only: $44.99 |
 STAINLESS STEEL DOOR LOCK KNOB SET PRIVACY PASSAGE BATHROOM BEDROOM FROM 695 $12.43 Time Remaining: 5d 6h 30m Buy It Now for only: $12.43 |
 DOOR LOCK KNOB SETS ENTRANCE PRIVACY PASSAGE IN CHROME STAINLESS STEEL BRASS $10.08 Time Remaining: 4d 23h 54m Buy It Now for only: $10.08 |
 Satin Nickel door Levers entrance privacy passage dummy single deadbolt double $10.99 Time Remaining: 5d 5h 52m Buy It Now for only: $10.99 |
 CONTEMPORARY DOOR LEVER HEWI PASSAGE PRIVACY CHOOSE COLOR MODERN KNOB $5.00 Time Remaining: 20d 3h 17m Buy It Now for only: $5.00 |
 6 PASSAGE + 6 PRIVACY NEW KWIKSET JUNO ANTIQUE BRASS DOOR KNOBS $109.95 Time Remaining: 10h 1m Buy It Now for only: $109.95 |
 Weiser GALIANO Privacy Passage and Dummy Door Knob Lever Locksets SATIN NICKEL $19.99 Time Remaining: 10h 26m Buy It Now for only: $19.99 |
 HAMPTON LEVER DOOR HARDWARE ENTRY PASSAGE PRIVACY HALF DUMMY $20.99 Time Remaining: 15d 4h 47m Buy It Now for only: $20.99 |
 6 NEW KWIKSET POLO POLISHED CHROME PRIVACY and PASSAGE KNOBS $57.95 Time Remaining: 17d 11h 59m Buy It Now for only: $57.95 |
 Fluted Crystal Glass 4 Passage+1 Privacy Door Knob Set $219.95 Time Remaining: 21h 1m Buy It Now for only: $219.95 |
 Oil Rubbed Bronze Round Door Lock 5765 lockset knob deadbolt keyed privacy $9.99 Time Remaining: 18d 5h 59m Buy It Now for only: $9.99 |
 4 NEW Kwikset DORIAN privacy and passage SATIN NICKEL LEVERS $69.95 Time Remaining: 26d 14h 34m Buy It Now for only: $69.95 |
 Privacy and passage stainless steel lever lock $29.00 Time Remaining: 1d 8h 11m Buy It Now for only: $29.00 |
 Used Schlage Tulip Passage Privacy Door Knob Polished Brass $4.99 Time Remaining: 2d 10h 4m Buy It Now for only: $4.99 |
 LOT OF 5 MODERN CONTEMPORARY INTERIOR DOOR LEVERS KNOBS PASSAGE OR PRIVACY $20.00 Time Remaining: 20d 3h 41m Buy It Now for only: $20.00 |
 6 NEW KWIKSET POLO ANTIQUE BRASS PRIVACY + 6 PASSAGE DOOR KNOBS 200P 5 + 300P 5 $65.95 Time Remaining: 28d 15h 31m Buy It Now for only: $65.95 |
 Fluted Crystal Glass 4 Passage+1 Privacy Door Knob Set $219.95 Time Remaining: 12d 10h 14m Buy It Now for only: $219.95 |
 lot of 10 Schlage door knobs 8 single dummy 1 passage set 1 privacy set brass $24.99 Time Remaining: 24d 7h 5m Buy It Now for only: $24.99 |
 European Design Modern Contemporary Chrome Dummy Passage Privacy Lever Handle $19.99 Time Remaining: 10d 3m Buy It Now for only: $19.99 |
 Fluted Crystal Glass 4 Passage+1 Privacy Door Knob Set $219.95 Time Remaining: 2d 1h 11m Buy It Now for only: $219.95 |
 Fluted Crystal Glass 4 Passage+1 Privacy Door Knob Set $219.95 Time Remaining: 12d 10h 3m Buy It Now for only: $219.95 |
 WINDSOR EGG KNOB DOOR HARDWARE ENTRY PASSAGE PRIVACY HALF DUMMY $17.99 Time Remaining: 20d 5h 26m Buy It Now for only: $17.99 |
 Fluted Crystal Glass 4 Passage+1 Privacy Door Knob Set $219.95 Time Remaining: 17d 11h 14m Buy It Now for only: $219.95 |
 Metal Safeguard Privacy Door Passage Lever Lock w Keys $9.32 Time Remaining: 28d 17h 37m Buy It Now for only: $9.32 |
 Privacy and passage stainless steel lever lock $29.00 Time Remaining: 1d 8h 11m Buy It Now for only: $29.00 |
 Privacy and passage stainless steel lever lock $29.00 Time Remaining: 1d 8h 11m Buy It Now for only: $29.00 |
 12 NEW KWIKSET POLO POLISHED CHROME PRIVACY and PASSAGE KNOBS $104.95 Time Remaining: 17d 11h 57m Buy It Now for only: $104.95 |
 Levers escutcheon plates door hardware passageprivacyfull dummy Imperial $116.25 Time Remaining: 19d 23h 37m Buy It Now for only: $116.25 |
 5 Weiser Knobsets Richmond Privacy Passage $23.95 Time Remaining: 8d 1h 40m Buy It Now for only: $23.95 |
 Kwikset Maximum Security Polished Chrome Passage Privacy Reversible Door Lever $29.95 Time Remaining: 10d 12h 21m Buy It Now for only: $29.95 |
 SCHLAGE LOT OF 3 privacy latch and passage latch $39.99 Time Remaining: 3d 1h 26m |
 Weiser Lock Galiano Satin Nickel Privacy Passage $24.99 Time Remaining: 29d 17h 21m Buy It Now for only: $24.99 |
 Safeguard Privacy Door Passage Push Locking Metal Lever Lock $6.45 Time Remaining: 14d 6h 49m Buy It Now for only: $6.45 |
 3 KWIKSET JUNO PASSAGE + 2 PRIVACY DOOR KNOB SETS SATIN NICKEL $63.95 Time Remaining: 10h 3m Buy It Now for only: $63.95 |
 KWIKSET TYLO POLISHED CHROME 2 PRIVACY +2 PASSAGE KNOBS $48.95 Time Remaining: 6d 13h 56m Buy It Now for only: $48.95 |
 2 Kwikset COMMONWEALTH SATIN NICKEL PRIVACY DOOR LEVER SETS + 2 PASSAGE SETS $83.95 Time Remaining: 6d 4h 45m Buy It Now for only: $83.95 |
 Safeguard Privacy Door Passage Push Locking Metal Lever Lock $6.77 Time Remaining: 10d 17h 39m Buy It Now for only: $6.77 |
 Bedroom Safeguard Privacy Door Passage Lever Lock w Keys $6.69 Time Remaining: 28d 6h 39m Buy It Now for only: $6.69 |
 10 Kwikset DORIAN privacy and passage ANTIQUE BRASS LEVER SETS $99.00 Time Remaining: 1d 17h 31m Buy It Now for only: $99.00 |
 16 Kwikset DORIAN privacy and passage ANTIQUE BRASS LEVER SETS $169.95 Time Remaining: 10h 1m Buy It Now for only: $169.95 |
 Bedroom Safeguard Privacy Door Passage Lever Lock w Keys $7.09 Time Remaining: 2d 7h 22m Buy It Now for only: $7.09 |
 Dark Satin Bronze Privacy Bathroom Passage Door Lock Knobs Set $19.99 Time Remaining: 2h Buy It Now for only: $19.99 |
 Metal Safeguard Privacy Door Passage Lever Lock w Keys $8.81 Time Remaining: 11d 6h 57m Buy It Now for only: $8.81 |
 Safeguard Privacy Door Passage Push Locking Metal Lever Lock $6.76 Time Remaining: 8d 19h 20m Buy It Now for only: $6.76 |
 Privacy and passage antique brass lever lock $27.00 Time Remaining: 1d 8h 11m Buy It Now for only: $27.00 |
 Metal Safeguard Privacy Door Passage Lever Lock w Keys $9.32 Time Remaining: 21h 13m Buy It Now for only: $9.32 |
 6 PASSAGE + 6 PRIVACY KWIKSET HANCOCK KNOB SETS POLISHED BRASS $89.95 Time Remaining: 11h 7m Buy It Now for only: $89.95 |
 Bedroom Safeguard Privacy Door Passage Lever Lock w Keys $9.60 Time Remaining: 7d 22h 18m Buy It Now for only: $9.60 |
 Safeguard Privacy Door Passage Push Locking Metal Lever Lock $7.31 Time Remaining: 10d 14h 41m Buy It Now for only: $7.31 |
 Privacy and passage stainless steel lever lock $29.00 Time Remaining: 1d 8h 11m Buy It Now for only: $29.00 |
 Levers escutcheon plates door hardware entrypassageprivacyfull dummy Luxor $102.75 Time Remaining: 19d 23h 27m Buy It Now for only: $102.75 |
 2 Entry Door Levers 16 Privacy Door Levers 5 Passage Door Levers $391.55 Time Remaining: 11d 6h 59m Buy It Now for only: $391.55 |
 European Design Modern Contemporary Chrome Dummy Passage Privacy Lever Handle $44.99 Time Remaining: 10d 3m Buy It Now for only: $44.99 |
 Passage lever rosette door hardware made in Italy new Style Cleopatra $54.00 Time Remaining: 18d 5h 52m Buy It Now for only: $54.00 |
 Bedroom Safeguard Privacy Door Passage Lever Lock w Keys $6.97 Time Remaining: 5d 6h 53m Buy It Now for only: $6.97 |
 Metal Safeguard Privacy Door Passage Lever Lock w Keys $9.11 Time Remaining: 13d 18h 43m Buy It Now for only: $9.11 |
 Cal Royal Privacy Passage Knob Lock Handleset $14.99 Time Remaining: 8d 1h 52m Buy It Now for only: $14.99 |
 Satin Chrome Sargent BS Privacy Bathroom Passage Door Lock Knobs Set NO LATCH $24.99 Time Remaining: 2h Buy It Now for only: $24.99 |
 Metal Safeguard Privacy Door Passage Lever Lock w Keys $9.04 Time Remaining: 14h 9m Buy It Now for only: $9.04 |
 Privacy and passage stainless steel lever lock $29.00 Time Remaining: 1d 8h 11m Buy It Now for only: $29.00 |
 Metal Safeguard Privacy Door Passage Lever Lock w Keys $9.12 Time Remaining: 8d 18h 50m Buy It Now for only: $9.12 |
 Metal Safeguard Privacy Door Passage Lever Lock w Keys $9.11 Time Remaining: 7d 4h 3m Buy It Now for only: $9.11 |
 Metal Safeguard Privacy Door Passage Lever Lock w Keys $11.31 Time Remaining: 12d 5h 40m Buy It Now for only: $11.31 |
 Privacy and passage stainless steel lever lock $29.00 Time Remaining: 1d 8h 11m Buy It Now for only: $29.00 |
 Metal Safeguard Privacy Door Passage Lever Lock w Keys $9.40 Time Remaining: 12d 13h 46m Buy It Now for only: $9.40 |
 Privacy and passage stainless steel lever lock $27.00 Time Remaining: 1d 8h 11m Buy It Now for only: $27.00 |
 Privacy and passage stainless steel lever lock $29.00 Time Remaining: 1d 8h 11m Buy It Now for only: $29.00 |
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Kwikset 730TNL 15 CP Tustin Bed/Bath Lever, Satin Nickel
List Price:  |
DescriptionGrade 2 security. Leversets are reversible for left or right hand. Packaged with a 2 3/8'' backset square face plain latch or adjustable latch (AL), interchangeable for 2 3/8'' or 2 3/4'' backsets and square face plain latch... |
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Kwikset 720TNL 15 CP Tustin Hall/Closet Lever, Satin Nickel
List Price: |
DescriptionGrade 2 security. Leversets are reversible for left or right hand. Packaged with a 2 3/8'' backset square face plain latch or adjustable latch (AL), interchangeable for 2 3/8'' or 2 3/4'' backsets and square face plain latch... |
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Schlage F40ACC619 Accent Privacy Lever, Satin Nickel
List Price: |
DescriptionBox pack. Bedroom/bathroom. For interior doors. Exterior lever locked by inside push button. Unlocked by turning lever from interior or a narrow tool from exterior. Dual option latch includes 1/4'' round corner and 1'' circular drive in latch, adjustable for 2 3/8'' or 2 3/4'' backsets... |
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WEISER LOCK 1030-3V PASSAGE CONCEAL DOOR BRIGHT BRASS FINISH
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Description"WEISER LOCK" PRIVACY CONCEAL DOOR Equipped with edge pull. |
The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act -- Effective Weapon Against Disloyal Employees?
Employers have typically used several legal theories in actions against disloyal former employees -- copyright infringement for copying copyrighted code, trade secret misappropriation where the employee misuses or discloses confidential information or trade secrets, and possibly breach on a non-competition covenant.
Now, there's another theory derived from the federal Computer Fraud And Abuse Act -- a claim based on unauthorized access to the employer's computers or network. Do these claims actually hold up in court, and what can employers do to lay a foundation for a successful claim in the future?
The Computer Fraud And Abuse Act (CFAA)
Originally, the CFAA was intended to focus on hacking into US Government and financial industry computers and networks. However, since its passage the scope of the CFAA has been broadened and extended several times:
1984 - civil remedies added (extends coverage from just federal prosecutors to private litigants with private lawsuits); 1996 - broadened to cover "protected computers" (any computer in interstate commerce, i.e. connected to the Internet); and 2001 - broadened to cover any computer outside the United States that communicates within the United States.
Two elements must be proved to establish a violation of the CFAA:
* intentional access of a protected computer without authorization (or which exceeds authorized access);
* which causes damage of at least $5,000.
The term "exceeds authorized access" means to access a computer with authorization and to use such access to obtain or alter information in the computer that the accesser is not entitled to obtain or alter. This is tailor-made for employers to use against disloyal employees who access a computer for improper purposes.
Early CFAA Cases Against Disloyal Employees
Early civil cases against disloyal employees focused on the "exceed authorization" element in the context of former employees who accessed a former employer's databases for purposes of competing in a new venture.
One good example of such a case is EF Cultural Travel BV v. Explorica, Inc., a 2001 case in the 1st Circuit Court of Appeals. In EF Cultural Travel, the employer claimed that the former employee breached a confidentiality agreement by accessing and scraping the employer's site for pricing information. The employer prevailed.
Later CFAA Cases
On the issue of "exceed authorization", some later cases have allowed recovery against disloyal employees on the basis that the employee's conduct conflicted with a company policy, and therefore exceeded authorization. Other courts have held for the former employees, provided that their access was "authorized" at an earlier time, but later became unauthorized after employment teminated. So, the law is not yet settled on the meaning of "exceed authorization".
Two 2008 cases, American Family Mutual Insurance Co. v. Rickman and Cohen v. Gulfstream Training Academy found for the employee based on the failure of the employer to prevail on the damages issue. In both cases, the employees had accessed their former employer's computer system and copied files. In the American Family case, the court held that to recover the employer must establish damage to a computer system or interruption to a computer service. In the Cohen case, the court similarly held that the employer must show loss or damage related to an interruption of service.
Conclusion
The earlier cases under the CFAA against disloyal employees were virtual slam dunks for employers. The damages element was relatively easy to prove and courts were lenient regarding the interpretation of "unauthorized access".
Later cases are split on the issue of "unauthorized access", and they also have raised the bar for employers regarding the damage element.
Despite recent decisions favoring employees, the CFAA remains a viable tool for employers to use against disloyal employees. Given the split of authority regarding "unauthorized access", employers are advised to draft clauses into their confidentiality agreements with employees that clearly define what access is authorized and what is unauthorized, and the precise time when authorized access becomes unauthorized). Such a clause may be very persuasive in a civil case under the CFAA later.
About the Author
Chip Cooper is a leading intellectual property, software, and Internet attorney who's advised software and online businesses nationwide for Chip's 25+ years. Visit Chip's http://www.digicontracts.com site and download his FREE newsletter and Special Reports: "Determine Which Legal Documents Your Website Really Needs (With Sample Agreements)", "Draft Your Own Privacy Policy", and "Write Your Own Website Marketing Copy -- Legally".