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Potential of IP CCTV for modern video surveillance of cities
Video surveillance systems based on Internet Protocol (IP) provide remarkable improvement of functionality, including live monitoring, recording the video, and playing back the archives.
Preview, recording, playback
The heart of every CCTV system is Digital Video Recorder (DVR) that processes camera signals (video) for live monitoring, recording, and playing back. Systems based on DVRs have a limited number of video channels - further extension of such a system will require to employ next DVR/DVRs. DVRs can operate as independent units, or can be manged via IP network by an external managing software. An inconvenience of non-IP systems is limited number of frames per second that can be processed/viewed/recorded and limited image resolution of the recorded material. It is especially troublesome e.g. when certain area is monitored by a single camera and image resolution is insufficient for identification purposes.
CCTV system based on DVR
IP CCTV systems are based on PC servers. Their potential is limited only by the features of the components used. In case of higher requirements, it will be enough to change the components that restrict the system capacity. Normally, an extension of the system consists in license upgrade (next channels), and the new hardware does not disturb the structure of the system.
Another important feature of IP CCTV systems is scalability, connected with their distributed structure. The system can be based on a number of servers and client stations. Operational properties of such a system depend on its configuration and access rights of the users. The recording servers and client stations can be physically located anywhere in the system.
Cameras
The main quality feature of a camera is image resolution. Due to TV standard requirements, e.g. in PAL systems it is limited to 720 x 576. Digital systems do not impose such restrictions - image size/resolution can be shaped freely. Aside from popular D1 equipment (PAL-compatible:720 x 576), megapixel cameras rapidly increase market share. 1.3 Mpix camera (1280 x 1024) provides three times the pixels than standard PAL camera. Depending on requirements, there may be used 2 Mpix, 3.1 Mpix or even 5 Mpix cameras.
Megapixel cameras allow to monitor much larger area than standard devices, or - with other lens / lens adjustment - can provide much more detailed images. It is especially important e.g. in the case of identification of license plates.
Large and efficient video surveillance systems are using "intelligent" cameras that relieve the main part of the system of some functions. The DVRs/NVRs only record the video streams that are already compressed in the cameras (and the recording process is triggered e.g. by motion detection performed also by the cameras). Such "distributed intelligence" makes the system more reliable and effective - the server does not have to process all the information, the transmission is limited to the pre-processed data.
Comparison of various resolutions
Video data transmission
Analog monitoring systems were built on the principle "one camera - one cable", so that a 50-camera system required to use 50 cables which had to be connected to the DVRs. Packet transmission allows to change the structure of the system completely. Depending on the transmission media and other factors, there is available certain bandwidth which cannot be exceeded. This is practically the only restriction. If, for example, the bandwidth is 50 Mbps and a single camera is streaming 5 Mbps, it means that the total capacity of the link allows to use 10 such cameras at the same time. The technology does not require star-shaped structure - it may take form of an Ethernet bus, fiber-optic ring, or popular wireless network.
Of course, there is no obstacle to combining different kinds of transmission. As an example - the cameras that are connected to a system wirelessly (via several nodes of local network) can also stream video to the monitoring center via fiber-optic ring, doubled by Ethernet cable.
The architecture of analog CCTV sytem
Client stations
Client stations are the control points of the system. They have to ensure operational control of the system, but cannot influence the core functions that are essential for security and reliability. It reduces a risk of sabotage. The operators have access to images from cameras, can control PTZ cameras, can play back the archives, export some data to external storage media, but they cannot stop recording operations, or switch off the cameras. The control of the system does not change its main configuration, which guarantees safety and stability of the system.
Client stations are often equipped with consoles that make it easy to control PTZ cameras, printers and DVD recorders for archiving purposes.
About the Author
Marketing & PR Department, DIPOL - European distributor of CCTV monitoring, WLAN, TV and SAT TV equipment, and producer of WLAN, communication, TV and FM antennas.